This Week’s Language Blog Roundup

It’s that time again, folks, in which we bring the highlights from our favorite language blogs and the latest in word news.

At Language Log, Mark Liberman questioned the recent use of flash mob to mean “impromptu gangs of teens who converge suddenly to rob stores or attack passers-by,” instead of its original reference to “groups of hipsters who (used to?) use social media to arrange impromptu public gatherings with frivolous goals.” Geoffrey K. Pullum railed against historian David Starkey’s assertion that Jamaican patois as a language is “wholly false” and “has been intruded in England, and that is why so many of us have this sense of literally a foreign country.” Pullum said it best: “What a moron.”

In another response to Starkey’s “amazingly ignorant ravings,” Arnold Zwicky brought us a letter from Peter Trudgill, Honorary Professor of Sociolinguistics at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, who pointed out that Mr. Starkey himself:

used a form of language which was distressingly alien. I estimate that at least 40%, and quite possibly more, of his vocabulary consisted of utterly foreign words forced on us by a wholly other culture – words which were intruded in England from the language of Norman French immigrants to our country, such as “language” and “false”.

Pwned!

Language Log also asked that you please wait outside the “rice-flour noodle,” and examined political speech fillers; teaching animals sign language; and unpermitted permitted loads. In addition, they questioned Kim Kardashian’s intellectual property.

At Macmillan Dictionary blog, Stan Carey wrote about finding the “riot” words, while Michael Rundell posted part one of his piece on political correctness. Stan Carey also wrote about fashionable ambiguity (how indecent!), and Fritinancy noted another fashionable trend, “adverbish domains.”

Fritinancy’s word of the week was skive, “to split or cut (leather, rubber, etc.); to shave or pare (hides)”; our own Erin McKean noted fear gauge, prayer-palooza, super-committee, and ack-soy (What did the meat eater say when he wrongly ordered the vegatarian dish? “Ack! Soy!”) in The Wall Street Journal; and Lynneguist explored some spunky American-English and British-English differences.

The Virtual Linguist dissected favour versus favours and words from Pygmalion that were once considered scandalous. The Dialect Blog spoke about the Anglo-Indian dialect, while K International wondered how far one would go to learn another language.

How Stuff Works brought us rap in 30 different languages. In Australia, the New South Wales State Library (we love that their logo is an interrobang) is looking to revive lost indigenous languages, while writer Tim Brookes has kickstarted the Endangered Alphabets Project, which seeks to capture several endangered and disappearing languages through “an exhibition of fourteen carvings and a book.”

Meanwhile, psychologist James Pennebaker spoke to Scientific American about the secret language of pronouns; Science Blog assured us that playing word games is good for the brain; and Headbloom Blog took the temperature of heated language.

In grammar news, writer and copy editor Mark Allen has archived his tweeted language tips; and Guardian Style let us know that yesterday was International Apostrophe Day, to which Stan Carey offered up some classic posts, and The Oatmeal told us how to properly use the apostrophe (now where’d I put my bacon hat?).

Our favorite newly-discovered blog of the week is Quote Investigator, “dedicated to the investigation and tracing of quotations.” Speaking of quotes, there’s a new book about New York City-inspired quotations. Speaking of New York City, there’s a scratch ‘n sniff book on New York City smells. (Since it’s a children’s book, we’re guessing “urine-stained subway” won’t be included.)  Speaking of children’s books (last one, we promise), Random House will be publishing several “lost” Dr. Seuss stories, originally printed in Redbook in 1950 and 1951.

Utne showed us this seven-story tower of books in Buenos Aires, which has been designated the 2011 book capital of the world. From Letterology we learned about these alphabetical wonders, while Slate told us about people who became nouns. The New Yorker’s blog, Book Bench, told us about the Pronunciation Book channel and how to (incorrectly) pronounce Ralph Fiennes (how about we just call him You Know Who?). Neil Gaiman spoke at the Edinburgh Book Festival about his new books, Dr. Who, his fans, libraries, and “his character Death.” Salon reported on New York Times book reviewer Michiko Kakutani and a word she really likes.

On a bittersweet note, we bid farewell to Jan Freeman’s language column at The Boston Globe, but are really glad she still has a blog.

Finally, Grammar Monkeys reminds us that “any word can mean anything.”

And to that we say, till next week, chumble spuzz!

Commonly Confused Words

Whether you’re in high school, college, or have long left the classroom, chances are there are still a few words whose use in Standard English you may find confusing. This post will walk you through a few of the most troublesome of these, and provide links to a whole lot more.

Nonplussed as nonchalance

Today’s word of the day is nonplussed, which means “perplexed; puzzled; confounded; stopped by embarrassment.” Coined around the 1580s, nonplussed originally meant a “state where ‘nothing more’ can be done or said,’” and comes from the Latin non plus, meaning “no more, no further,” implying bafflement into speechlessness and inaction.

However, nonplussed is often mistaken for unfazed, unperturbed, and calm and collected. According to Mark Liberman at Language Log, this may be because:

The other words that mean something similar to the traditional sense of nonplussed — perplexed, confounded, confused, addled, befuddled, bewildered, muddled, etc. — are generally un-negated, while there are quite a few words with a sense similar to the new meaning of nonplussed that include a negative element: impasssive, unperturbed, nonchalant, unfazed.

Patricia T. O’Conner and Stewart Kellerman at Grammarphobia also suspect people are getting mixed up between nonplussed and nonchalant, which comes from the Latin non plus calēre, “to be warm, heat.”

What irony isn’t

Ironic is another word that people don’t get quite right (ahem, Ms. Morissette).  Irony is defined as the “use of agreeable or commendatory forms of expression as to convey a meaning opposite to that literally expressed,” as well as “incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs.” So rain on your wedding day is just sucky, not ironic. A fly in your chardonnay is just gross.

A 2008 piece in The New York Times also told us what irony isn’t: “Not every coincidence, curiosity, oddity and paradox is an irony, even loosely.” Grammarphobia asserted that:

If something is coincidental or surprising, like the burglary of a jewelry store on the same date two years in a row, it’s not ironic. But if the burglars stole a diamond necklace with a homing device that led the police to them, that’s ironic.

Cracked gave an amusing take on what irony is and mostly what it isn’t, while The Oatmeal provided an illustrated guide to The Three Most Common Uses of Irony.

Affect versus effect

Affect and effect are two more words that are often used incorrectly. Grammar Girl gave an excellent explanation of the difference, in short, affect is usually used as a verb (a way to remember it is that the a in affect stands for action), while effect is more often used as a noun meaning “result or outcome.” Affect is what you do; effect is what you get.  But just to make it even more confusing, there are some more obscure meanings of the words too.

Do you find me bemusing?

Bemused means “bewildered or confused.” However, according to the New York Times, “the similarity in sound to ‘amused’ leads many writers to merge the meaning of the two words, using ‘bemused’ to suggest a sort of detached amusement,” while Jan Freeman at The Boston Globe discussed the word’s misuse possibly leading to an evolving meaning, and Grammarphobia pointed out that “when ‘amused’ first appeared in the 1600s, it meant to be in a muse—that is, absorbed, preoccupied, or distracted (not all that different from ‘bemused’).”

A literally misused word

People have lots to say about the misuse of literally, so prevalent that the American Heritage definition includes the usage problem, “Used as an intensive before a figurative expression.” Jesse Sheidlower at Slate called it “the word we love to hate” (that includes at least one Wordnik); Stan Carey provided a thorough and amusing post about it; Language Log gave a historical citation of its use and misuse; and most recently, Christopher Muther at the Boston Globe wrote about how it may be the (cough) literally most misused word in the English language. And let’s not forget the funny (literally!) takes from xkcd and The Oatmeal.

And the rest

But wait, there’s more! Lie versus lay from Geoff Pullum and Grammar Girl. Also from Grammar Girl further versus farther and good versus well. Each other versus one another from Motivated Grammar. Errant versus arrant and ferment versus foment from Daily Writing Tips. Scots versus Scotch from John McIntyre at The Baltimore Sun.

In addition take a look at 8 Words You’re Confusing With Other Words from Cracked, as well as this list of easily confused word pairs from Oxford. From our own Wordnik users, check out Commonly Misused Words; Commonly – And Stupidly – Confused Words; and Words that Will Make Me Hit You If Used Improperly.

If you use these words improperly, we promise not to hit you, at least not literally.

[Photo: CC BY 2.0 by Bilal Kamoon]

Pocket Posh Dictionary Give-Away

September’s right around the corner, and you know what that means: back to school. To celebrate, we’ll be featuring four specially-themed weeks of blog posts, words of the day, and lists of the day, and, starting this week, giving participants in our WotD Perfect Tweet Challenge a chance each week to win a full set of Pocket Posh Word Power dictionaries (powered by Wordnik, published by Andrews McMeel).

What the heck is the WotD Perfect Tweet Challenge? From our original post:

Use any word of the day (WotD) from this week in a sentence that best demonstrates its meaning in context. However, your sentence must be no longer than 140 characters – in other words, a perfect tweet!  Send us the link to your tweet via Twitter, and at the end of the week, we’ll pick our favorites and feature them on our blog.

Every Friday for these next four weeks, we’ll randomly pick a winner. So the more times you tweet a WotD in a sentence, the more chances you’ll have to win! (Different WOTD sentences, please, not the same sentence retweeted multiple times!)

There are four pocket-sized dictionaries in one set:

120 Words to Make You Sound Intelligent
120 Job Interview Words You Should Know
120 Words You Should Know
120 Words That Are Fun to Say

Check out our original post about the dictionaries for even more details.

The rules again for this give-away edition of the WotD Perfect Tweet Challenge:

  • Follow us on Twitter.
  • Tweet any Word of the Day from this week in a sentence, as many times as you want, as long as each sentence is different.
  • @ us the link to your tweet (presuming you don’t want “@wordnik” taking up your 140 character limit).
  • Tweets received after 12 PM Pacific time on Friday won’t be eligible for that week’s give-away.
  • On Friday we’ll randomly pick a winner who will receive a set of the four Pocket Posh dictionaries.
  • As usual, we’ll feature our favorites on our blog on Friday.
  • No hash tag necessary.

The contest will run for the weeks of August 15, 22, 29, and September 5.

Finally, keep up with the words of the day by following us on Twitter, liking us on Facebook, or subscribing via email. Good luck!

WotD Perfect Tweets Roundup

Every week, we pose a challenge: using any word of the day from this week, create a perfect tweet, otherwise known as a twoosh.  Here are our favorites from this week.

Thanks to everyone for playing! Starting next week we’ll be hosting a special give-away edition of the WotD Perfect Tweets challenge. Every Friday for four weeks, we’ll be randomly picking a winner to receive some cool prizes. To be eligible, follow us on Twitter and participate in the WotD Perfect Tweets challenge. More details to come on Monday!

Wordnik News: Swagger, Jobs, NoSQL Now

Here’s a roundup of the latest in Wordnik-related happenings.

Wordnik’s got Swagger. This week we released Swagger, a specification and complete framework implementation for describing, producing, consuming, and visualizing RESTful web services. The goal of Swagger is to enable client and documentation systems to update at the same pace as the server. The documentation of methods, parameters and models are tightly integrated into the server code, allowing APIs to always stay in sync. See the write-up on ReadWriteWeb for more information.

Jobs. Wordnik’s hiring! Check out the Jobs page for the latest openings. More to come!

NoSQL Now Conference. Our own Tony Tam will be speaking at the NoSQL Now Conference in San Jose on August 25, on the topic “What Drove Wordnik Non-Relational?” Sign up now!

Reminders. Remember that Erin McKean’s TED book, Aftercrimes, Geoslavery, and Thermogeddon: Thought-Provoking Words from a Lexicographer’s Notebook, is now available. Erin’s book takes a “revealing look at a torrent of new words and phrases—in science, politics, social life—that reveal our changing societies,” and is available on Amazon for the Kindle.  Also take a look at Erin’s latest Boston Globe column for more collectible words.

Finally, don’t forget about the Wordnik-powered weekend feature in The Wall Street Journal, “The Week in Words,” a field guide to unusual words in that week’s WSJ issue.  Here’s last week’s column and this week’s.

This Week’s Language Blog Roundup

It’s time again for our weekly Language Blog Roundup, in which we bring you the highlights from our favorite language blogs and the latest in word news.

In news about the UK riots, Jon Henley at The Guardian pondered the riots and language (“rioter, protester, or scum?”); The Virtual Linguist wondered about the terms wreaked havoc and wrought havoc, and the use of wanton in the news (“wanton damage, wanton violence, wanton criminality, wanton destruction”); and Geoffrey K. Pullum at Language Log was appalled at the occasional chaos and difficulty of the English language.

Next, a final word on “irritating” Americanisms from Dennis Baron at the Oxford University Press blog. Professor Baron confirmed that many of the “Americanisms” that Matthew Engel and others find so irritating are in fact not American at all, and noted that anti-Americanism sentiment has existed throughout history, such as in 1781 when John Witherspoon, “a Scot who relocated to New Jersey and became the first president of Princeton,” also complained about several Americanisms that were, guess what, not American either.

In more British and American differences, Laura Wattenberg at The Baby Name Wizard compared British and American baby names in two parts while The Oatmeal gave a hilarious – and off-color – interpretation on the difference between British and American accents.

Meanwhile, Johnson, The Economist’s language blog, featured Indian-English and the Samosapedia, “the definitive guide to South Asian lingo” (for even more on Samosapedia, check out the Q&A with the founders on CNN). Johnson also took a look at a possible eggcorn and the ordering of adjectives.

In technology news, TAUS asserted that corpus linguistics is the future; K International wondered if tweets are the new haiku; and Fritinancy took note of a word of the week, nymwars:

The controversy over Google Plus’s mandatory real-names-only policy. The word, sometimes spelled nym wars—nym is cropped from pseudonym—was coined in late July and gained currency as a Twitter hashtag.

In the realm of digital storytelling, Aleks Krotoski at The Guardian wrote about how technology can enhance storytelling, while the publisher Melville House announced this week that it will be publishing HybridBooks, “an innovative publishing program that gives print books the features of enhanced eBooks,” such as a Quick Response or QR code at which users can aim their phones for supplemental material.

NPR had an interview with linguist John McWhorter, whose book, What Language Is (And What It Isn’t and What It Could Be), is now available (and which Erin McKean liked).  The Macmillan Dictionary blog explored gender differences in language, with a post from Michael Rundell on the effects of gender on the evolution of definitions, and from Stan Carey on “gender-skewed words” on Twitter. On his blog, Mr. Carey went into more detail about Tweetolife, a web demo that’s “the result of a study that was carried at the Language, Interaction and Computation Laboratory at the University of Trento in Italy.”

At Language Log, Geoffrey K. Pullum tried to be nice about commas; Victor Mair discovered a troubling translation; Mark Liberman examined the problem of using too many “negatives in one proposition”; and Eric Baković discussed British actors playing Americans on The Wire and elsewhere.

This inspired a post on the Dialect Blog about The Wire and its impressive dialect work, with each episode demonstrating “unique blend of African American Vernacular English, Baltimorese and various professional jargons,” and how the “lingo of police, drug dealers, union men, and politicians” was used as “highly codified forms of language. . .to sugarcoat cruelty and violence.”

Dialect Blog also looked at accents on another popular show, Mad Men, questioning if Americans ever speak so “properly”, while The Atlantic wondered when Americans stopped speaking “a particular kind of lah-dee-dah American diction” popular in “old movies and newsreels from the 1930s and 1940s.”

Dialect Blog also posted on Scouse, “the native accent of Liverpool,” while  the Virtual Linguist noted that the “official match ball for next year’s Olympics will be nicknamed ‘The Albert‘,” which is Cockney rhyming slang for ball. K International reported on the resurrection of Tunica, a Native American language from the Mississippi River Valley, and on ancient Greek translation.

Grammarphobia compared home invasion and burglary; Grammar Monkeys roamed through some false ranges; Language Hat enjoyed railroad terminology; and Oxford Dictionaries scared up an extensive list of phobias. Sesquiotic wrote about perfectly cromulent words; arks of many types; and some awesome fantastic bobotie.

Speaking of awesome fantastic food, how about some computational cashews, ranking red bell peppers, or algorithmic almonds?  Or perhaps a scanwich and scandybar, followed by fried scholar and fungus gnat turnovers?  Or maybe we could meet at the bustaurant and have some moffles and cherpumples, and share a bottle of ass-y wine (or maybe not). Drink too much wine and you might need one of these drunkonyms from The Chicago Tribune.

Last week we looked at 12 authors’ favorite snacks and 12 authors’ weird deaths – how about 11 authors’ day jobs? Meanwhile in the UK, graffiti grammar is being corrected by a mystery superhero (Captain Prescriptivist?).

Finally, National Geographic affirmed that we change personalities when we switch languages, and that there’s fun and adventure to be had in finding a third-party tongue, “a common language that’s non-native to both speakers,” when traveling.

That’s it from here. Till next week, happy oyster pirating!

Dog Days

You can blame Sirius (the Dog Star, not Black) for these dog days of summer. It’s when this brightest star of Canis Major rises with the sun that our days turn especially hot, hazy, and lazy.  And what better way to while away the time than to read some more about our four-legged friends?

Dog is a small word with a multitude of meanings. It comes from the Old English docga, “a powerful kind of dog, a hound,” which may have come from the Proto-Germanic dukkōn, “power, strength, muscle.” In addition to the latrating (or non-latrating) quadruped, dog may refer to “a dull, unattractive girl or woman; a man; a coward; someone who is morally reprehensible; one’s feet.”

The breeds of man’s best friend are even more varied.  There are 400 and counting, according to National Geographic, from the tiny chihuahua (named for its city of origin, Chihuahua, Mexico) to the massive mastiff (from the Latin mansuetus, “tame, gentle” and influenced by the Old French mestif, “mongrel”). Dog breeds may be purebred, “that (usually an animal) which has genuine parents of the same breed,” or crossbred, “produced by crossbreeding; bred from different species or varieties.”

Crossbred dogs with unknown parentage are known as mutts, mongrels, curs, and tykes, and while their genetic origins may be obscure, their etymological origins are clear. Mutt is short for muttonhead, and a general term of contempt. Mongrel comes from the Old English gemong, “mingling,” and is related to among. Cur originates from the Swedish dialectal kurre, imitative of a dog’s growl. Tyke comes from the Old Norse tik, or bitch, female dog.

Different regions and countries have their own names for these comingled canines as well. In Hawaii, they’re known as poi dogs (not related to the extinct Hawaiian poi dogs), named for poi, the national food of Hawaiians, and perhaps implying the mixing action of making poi or the mixed heritage of many Hawaiians. In Australia they’re known as bitsa, meaning “bitsa this, bitsa that,” and in the U.S., Heinz 57, named for the “57 varities” slogan of the ketchup company.

On the other hand, designer dogs are hybrids by design rather than chance. The names of these fashionable mutts are usually portmanteaus, or a blend of the names of the parental breeds.  For instance, the Labradoodle is both a genetic and linguistic blend between a Labrador retriever and a poodle.  But where did those original breed names come from?

Cover girl

Martin the Labradoodle, by H.L.I.T

Dog breeds are often named for their place of origin, their appearance, or their purpose.  The Labrador retriever was once known as the Lesser Newfoundland, and when brought to England was renamed the Labrador, a geographical location near Newfoundland, Canada, to distinguish it from the Newfoundland dog.  The word poodle comes from the German pudeln, “to splash about,” which comes from pudel, “puddle,” probably because the poodle was originally bred to hunt and retrieve water fowl.

The cockapoo is a mix between a poodle and a cocker spaniel.  The cocker spaniel was so named as it was originally bred to hunt woodcocks, a type of bird, and may have come from Spain (spaniel coming from the Old French espagneul, “Spanish dog”).  The springer of springer spaniel (cross that with a Labrador and you get a labradinger) comes from the dog’s springing motion when hunting.

Moby week 10

Moby the Cockapoo, by kylerconk

The peekapoo is a cross between a poodle and a Pekingese, which was named for its city of origin, Peking, China, an obsolete name for Beijing. The Schnoodle is a poodle-schnauzer mix, with schnauzer coming from the German Schnauze, “snout,” referring to the dog’s blunt nose.  The snorkie is a schnauzer-Yorkshire terrier mix, with Yorkies being named for their place of origin, Yorkshire, England, and terrier coming from the Latin terra, “earth,” as the dogs were originally bred to dig out small prey from the ground.

The baskimo is a cross between the basset hound and American Eskimo dogBasset of basset hound comes from the French basse, “low,” due to the dog’s short stature.  Meanwhile, the American Eskimo dog is neither American nor Eskimo.  Originally called the German spitz, it was renamed during World War I due to anti-German sentiment  (freedom fries anyone?).

The dorgi is a crossbreed of a dachshund and a corgi.  Dachshund comes from the Old German dahs, “badger,” probably because it was originally bred to hunt badgers, while corgi comes from the Welsh cor, “dwarf,” plus ci, “dog.”  Supposedly Queen Elizabeth II was the first to introduce the dorgi breed.

Olive the Dorgi by t-dawg

Olive the Dorgi, by t-dawg

The pomchi is a cross between a chihuahua and a Pomeranian, named for Pomerania, a region in Europe and its place of origin. The chug is a a chihuahua-pug mix, while a puggle is a cross between a pug and a beagle (and really freaking cute).

img_2879

Diego the Pomchi, by @cdharrison

The pug’s etymology is a bit of a mystery. While the breed originated in China, where it was known among other names as the fu, or good luck, dog, how the name pug originated is less clear.  Perhaps it came from its pug-nose appearance, in this case pug coming from the Latin pugnus, “fist,” or perhaps due to its mischievous termperment and an alteration of Puck.  The beagle’s etymological origin is far more straightforward: it comes from the Old French bee gueule, or loudmouth.

tora/dexter

Tora and Dexter the Puggles, by xersti

Begging for more? Check out our list of the day, Mix-Breeds, Mutts, and Mongrels by rocksinmypockets, as well as Chained Bear‘s list, Dog Breeds according to Simon & Schuster’s Guide, 1980. In addition, keep your eye out all week for our dog-themed words of the day and lists of the day by following us on Twitter, liking us on Facebook, or subscribing via email.